For Cuba's new entrepreneurs, the tax man cometh
By ANDREA RODRIGUEZ
Associated Press
HAVANA -- In Cuba, the tax man has finally arrived.
After five decades under Fidel and Raul Castro, the concept of a
personal tax is practically unknown in a society where the government
controls nearly the entire economy and salaries average about $20 a
month. Quite the opposite, islanders have grown accustomed to the
Communist government providing for them: food rations, universal
education and health care, pensions, even free lunches.
But under Raul Castro's crusade to cure an ailing economy, those basic
subsidies face cutbacks and many Cubans are being pushed out of state
jobs into the private sector, where they face tax rates that can total
more than half their earnings.
Like it or not, Cubans will have to get used to rendering unto Caesar.
"Having my own business was my dream ... but in truth it frightened me,"
said Luis Antonio Veliz, who opened the Fashion Bar Havana restaurant in
his backyard last December after the government began issuing new
licenses for independent eateries.
Veliz had studied gastronomy but had no training in accounting. "I went
to the Ministry of Labor and they explained everything to me ... how to
manage the books, where to pay the taxes, the bank papers to be legal.
"And after all that I was even more frightened!" joked the 33-year-old,
who by necessity has become an expert on costs, profits and red tape.
Since the new system began last year, some 178,000 private work licenses
have been issued. That comes on top of 147,000 still in use from the
1990s, when Cuba enacted a similar but narrower opening to help battle a
severe economic crisis caused by the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Officials say they expect the number of taxpaying private workers to
keep growing rapidly. The goal is to have 1.8 million of the country's 5
million workers in the private or cooperative sector by 2015.
Taxes are already on the books, 11 different kinds of them, but
officials have never applied them to the vast majority of state workers.
Since two-thirds of the island's 11 million people were born after the
1959 revolution, few have ever been asked to pay a centavo in taxes, and
the idea of starting now is a shock to many.
The new small business owners face tax rates of up to 50 percent on
personal income, 10 percent on sales and in some cases a 25 percent
social security tax. Officials have imposed a payroll tax as well,
though it has since been temporarily suspended.
The Communist Party has declared that taxes should encourage economic
efficiency and help fill the state's coffers.
But taxes under the socialist system have another purpose as well:
limiting personal enrichment and inequality, said Vladimir Regueiro,
vice chairman of Cuba's tax agency. He said in an interview with The
Associated Press that the government remains committed to enormous
public spending on social projects such as free health care and
education, subsidized food, transportation and other services.
While the private sector is growing quickly, officials expect government
to remain the dominant employer, Regueiro said. He added that the
success of the economic reforms depends mainly on making state-run
enterprises efficient.
Some rules have been tweaked, however, to soften the tax blow. Select
businesses can deduct as much as 40 percent for expenses. People in some
professions pay a fixed fee each month rather than struggling with cost
and income calculations. Entrepreneurs of retirement age no longer have
to make social security payments. However, analysts say that's not
enough to lure enough people off the state payroll and onto the tax rolls.
After an initial boom of modest cafeterias and businesses selling
bootleg DVDs, clothing, cheap jewelry and other merchandise, many
would-be entrepreneurs have begun handing in their licenses or are
struggling to survive financially. Others continue operating privately
but on the illegal, black market. Many blame the taxes.
To give entrepreneurs a fighting chance, "the Cuban authorities should
stimulate this sector with a tax system that is less complicated, less
rigid," said Rafael Romeu, president of the U.S.-based Association for
the Study of the Cuban Economy, which studies ways to transition the
country to a free market economy and democracy.
"The point of collecting taxes (from the entrepreneurs) is to bring them
into the formal sector so they can grow by establishing ties to other
small businesses and develop. A business that operates illegally has
much less margin for growth and can't get credit," Romeu added.
Finance Minister Lina Pedraza told Cuba's parliament in December that
entrepreneurs should be keeping about 20 to 25 percent of what they make.
Romeu said that would be an acceptable profit margin in the developed
world, but is hard on Cubans launching tiny businesses without the
benefit of capitalist mechanisms like a wholesale market and accessible
credit.
The dean of Cuba economy-watchers, Carmelo Mesa-Lago of the University
of Pittsburgh, said taxes "are still excessive and should be lowered
much more to create incentives for agricultural production and
entrepreneurialism."
Rafael Betancourt, a Cuban economist who works on the island with
foreign non-governmental organizations, wrote in a recent article that
businesses should have a grace period to recover their investment before
heavy taxes are imposed.
He said the current tax rules discourage people on the thriving black
market from getting a license and making their business legal.
Regueiro acknowledged that "the matter of taxes is always controversial."
"The payment of taxes constitutes a way of contributing to society, and
that is a concept that we have to recover," Regueiro said. "For many
years we have been far from that idea and now we are reviving it." He
noted that the number of taxpayers has doubled since last year.
Regueiro said officials are still not applying some taxes that are on
the books, such as those on state salaries and on property. The
possibility that freeze might be lifted appalls some.
"I have never paid taxes. After all these years, the word has
disappeared from Cubans' dictionary," said Iliana Ocampo, a 43-year-old
office worker. "It sounds more like something from a capitalist country,
and talking about taxes in Cuba is a little like (talking about)
extraterrestrials."
http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/08/12/v-fullstory/2356511/for-cubas-new-entrepreneurs-the.html
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